The relation between the parous rate and the daily survival rate was given first by Davidson. Therefore, changes in the parous (already having laid at least one batch of eggs) rate reflects many aspects of the population change. Usually, older females also have higher exposure rates to malaria parasites during the previous human blood meal. Of these, age and the ability of vectors to survive are among the most important factors in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases, which depends on the proportion of mosquitoes that have ever fed on a human. Female parous status is a key index of vector competence, adult vector longevity, recruitment rate of adult, and the length of a gonotrophic cycle. The intensity of malaria transmission is measured by parous rates, daily survival rate, human blood meal frequency, sporozoite rate, and entomological inoculation rates. These species are common in Bure district, Ethiopia, where this study was conducted. ![]() In Ethiopia, over 42 species of Anopheles were recorded, but the major malaria vector is Anopheles arabiensis while An. Therefore, now the Ethiopian government has incorporated malaria elimination goal into its national strategy and allotted budget to support the goal. Recently, various reports in Ethiopia indicated that the burdens of malaria have shown decrement due to case management (nationwide implementation of ACT, artemisinin-based combination therapy), massive distribution of long lasting insecticidal treated nets (LLINs), and the application of indoor residual spraying (IRS). vivax in the country due to differences in altitude, rainfall, temperature, population movement, host and vector characteristics, and change in health care infrastructure. These species are responsible for most of the burden of malaria (mortality and morbidity) in the country. vivax are the most important parasites and found almost all parts of the country. In Ethiopia, there are four types of Plasmodium species: P. However, the area coverage has not been revised in connection with changes such as urbanization, irrigation or dam, or land use and cover change. Malaria disease is the leading health problem in Ethiopia because three-fourth (75%) of the total area of the country is malarious and more than two-third (approximately 68%) of the total population live below 2,000 m.a.s.l. Therefore, all authors declare no competing interest.Ĭompeting interests: All authors declare no competing interest. Addis Ababa, Jima, and Mizan-Tepi Universities had no role in the research design and data collection, conducting of research, and data analysis. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: We didn't get any research grant (funder) to this reseacrh work. Received: JAccepted: DecemPublished: February 4, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Adugna et al. PLoS ONE 17(2):Įditor: Clive Shiff, Johns Hopkins University, UNITED STATES falciparum requires from 12–14 day.Ĭitation: Adugna T, Getu E, Yewhelew D (2022) Parous rate and longevity of anophelines mosquitoes in bure district, northwestern Ethiopia. The longevity of each species was not sufficient to complete the life cycle of malaria parasite for malaria transmission throughout the year because P. cinereus was 6.5 days, 4.6 days, 3.5 days, 3.7 days, 2.7 days, and 2.2 days, respectively. cinereus showed significant variation among villages (F 2, 33 = 5.044, p = 0.012) and the highest rate (63.0%) was recorded in Bukta. arabiensis in the district was 52.0%, and the highest parous rate was recorded in Shnebekuma than other villages (F 2, 33 = 6.974 p = 0.003). ![]() A total of 952 unfed hosts-seeking Anopheles mosquitoes was dissected for parous rate determination. One way- ANOVA was applied to confirm the presence of parous rate difference in the villages (p < 0.05). Mosquito life expectancy (longevity as d) was estimated by. ![]() Parous rate was estimated as the number of mosquitoes with parous ovaries divided by the number of females dissected multiplied by 100. Hence, the present study was aimed to investigate the parous rate and the longevity of Anopheles mosquitoes in Bure District, Northwestern Ethiopia. The intensity of malaria transmission is measured by parous rate, daily survival rate, human blood meal frequency, sporozoite rate, and entomological inoculation rates.
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